Correspondence: Maximiliano Santa Cruz, Mission of Chile to the World Trade Organization, 58 Rue de Moillebeau 1er étage, Geneva 1209, Switzerland. E-mail: maximiliano.santacruz@misionchileomc.ch

¹is a Counselor in charge of intellectual property issues in the Mission of Chile to the World Trade Organization.

²is Senior Fellow, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and former staff of the United Nations, Geneva.

Received 16 June 2009; Revised 16 June 2009.

Abstract

The adoption in 1994 of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) meant the incorporation of intellectual property as an important component of the international trading system. It meant also an end to the exclusive treatment of intellectual property issues in the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). TRIPS meant also, the end of the accepted practice of excluding pharmaceutical products and or processes from patent protection, a practice that was particularly important for developing countries. This note reviews recent developments at the multilateral level after the adoption of TRIPS, namely the adoption of the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001 and the subsequent decision to amend the TRIPS for the effective use of the compulsory licensing system; the adoption of the Development Agenda by the WIPO General Assembly in 2007 and related recent developments in WIPO; and finally the adoption of the Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property by the 61st World Health Assembly in 2008. One common feature of these developments is the attempt to bring some balance to the international intellectual property system that has been characterised by an upward tendency to strengthen private rights and their enforcement to the detriment of public interest considerations.